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Opinion Article: No Global Commons Protection Program Can Be Applied in the Argentine Sea

Click on the flag for more information about Argentina ARGENTINA
Saturday, June 13, 2026, 00:00 (GMT + 9)

Rear Admiral Carlos Sardiello of the U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command and the U.S. Fourth Fleet, and Admiral Juan Carlos Romay of the Argentine Navy, signed a Letter of Intent which, according to official information from the United States, would have as its main objective “to strengthen maritime security in the South Atlantic; combat the threats of illegal fishing, drug trafficking, and other illicit activities; improve joint surveillance, patrolling, and monitoring; and provide advanced equipment; patrolling; elite training; and interoperability for 5 years.”

It is not clear whether this involves the transfer of knowledge, technology, and equipment, or whether the United States fleet will have an active role within the Argentine Exclusive Economic Zone or outside it, and this should be clarified immediately by the Argentine Navy, because depending on this, the Institution could be violating, or not, Article 75 of the National Constitution.

This Letter of Intent would fall within the framework of the Protecting Global Commons Program, and this leads us to analyze the scope of this communiqué because there are no public details regarding it. So far, it appears to be an admission of the Argentine government's inability to control the Southwest Atlantic and an advance by the United States in the region.

We must clarify, first of all, that such objectives cannot be in the hands of the Commander of the Argentine Navy and, in any case, he should limit himself to executing the policy of the National Executive Branch and, depending on the scope and area of intervention of the North American fleet, that of the National Congress. It is also striking that the Ministry of Defense has not issued any statement either, especially when the Minister is an active-duty officer and the matter would fall under his jurisdiction; particularly when a force subordinate to him is signing this Letter; which breaks—at least—with one of the two basic mottos: “Subordination and Valor.”

“To strengthen maritime security in the South Atlantic” is a definition so ambiguous that some clarification is necessary. There are no “Global Commons” in the territorial sea or in any Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), since these are maritime spaces under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the coastal State and therefore there are no such “global commons”; territory and assets whose responsibility belongs exclusively to Argentina.

Under these circumstances, we understand that this would involve controlling—among other things—illegal fishing on the high seas. This would be something new: recognizing that fishing—as it has been carried out on the high seas—is illegal. This is something we have been claiming for years, and we declare ourselves “the father of the creature.” Quite the opposite of the opinion of authorities from successive governments and their naval forces, which had been incorrectly interpreting the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); particularly with regard to the exploitation of migratory fishery resources from the EEZ on the high seas. What happened? Does Uncle Sam say it is illegal and our armed forces rush to sign a Letter of Intent to control it?

Now then, we cannot be so naïve as to believe that the presence of the North American fleet in the South Atlantic is intended to help us eliminate illegal fishing; which, by the way, the various Federal Fisheries Councils have not even attempted since the enactment of the Federal Fisheries Law. It is obvious that its mere presence in Argentine ports and waters is a clear message to third countries, especially China.

The objective of the United States becomes clear when its embassy in Argentina, whose purpose is to represent that country’s interests in ours, is the one announcing—without details—this intention, while the Argentine Foreign Ministry does not inform (see the MRECIyC portal, 25/5/26) Argentine citizens and the National Congress.

The members of the Argentine Navy and the Naval Prefecture do not lack the competence to carry out an efficient operation; what they lack is political will, resources, and an appropriate plan. The former is beyond their authority, and the latter could mean a transfer of technology from the United States; never that this country’s fleet should perform tasks that are Argentina’s responsibility (We are not Venezuela). Nor is that sufficient, because the solution is not only military-technological; it is fundamentally methodological and also goes beyond the exclusive participation of naval forces, which can provide operational advice, since actions should be centered on political strategies and international agreements to end this scourge and its associated effects (trade; subsidies; slave labor; drug trafficking, etc.).

We have said it repeatedly: «This is supported by Law 24,543, through which Argentina ratifies UNCLOS, highlighting in Article 2, subsection c) that “The Argentine Republic accepts the provisions regarding the management and conservation of living resources on the high seas but considers them insufficient, particularly those relating to straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks, and that they require supplementation through an effective and binding multilateral regime which, among other things, facilitates cooperation to prevent and avoid overfishing, and allows the control of fishing vessel activities on the high seas as well as the use of fishing methods and gear,” and the Argentine government notes “its priority interest in the conservation of resources located within its exclusive economic zone and the adjacent high seas area, considering that according to the provisions of the Convention, when the same stock or stocks of associated species are found both in the EEZ and in the adjacent high seas area, the Argentine Republic, as the coastal State, and the States fishing those stocks in the area adjacent to its EEZ must agree on the necessary measures for the conservation of those stocks or associated species on the high seas,” and that for this purpose “...it is authorized to adopt, in accordance with international law, all measures it deems necessary for that purpose,” which UNCLOS subsequently establishes in its articles and, “the freedom of fishing” referred to in Article 87(e) does not imply that it may be predatory and unsustainable, which occurs: first, when vessels are not controlled by their flag States or countries of origin (Articles 87, 92, and 94 of UNCLOS); second, when no research studies are conducted to determine the “Maximum Sustainable Catch” (Articles 117 and 119 of UNCLOS); and third, when migratory species originating from the EEZ are caught on the high seas without agreement with the coastal State, thereby affecting its interests (Articles 63, 64, and 116–119 of UNCLOS)» (César Lerena, “Fishing on the High Seas is Illegal,” 29/5/2026).

Argentina could not consider legal the capture on the high seas of its migratory resources originating from the territorial sea and the EEZ, and the associated species involved in the trophic chain, because this would ignore rights that it claims as its own under all current legislation: Article 5 of Law 23,968; Article 2(c) of Law 24,543; and Articles 4, 5d, 21e, 22, and 23b of Fisheries Law 24,922. In addition, there are more than 40 reasons to consider this high-seas catch as “Illegal Fishing.”

Of course, to this must be added fishing with bottom trawl nets when fishing occurs on the extended Argentine continental shelf beyond 200 miles without national authorization, and the classification as “piracy” of illegal fishing that disrupts the biological cycle of species on the high seas, pursuant to Article 101(a)(ii) of UNCLOS: «Against a ship or aircraft, persons or property in a place not subject to the jurisdiction of any State» (César Lerena, “Fishing on the High Seas is Illegal,” 29/5/2026).

Finally, we ask ourselves how the U.S. fleet would act within the 1,639,900 km² of Argentine sea occupied by the United Kingdom around the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands; areas which, in a Letter of Intent such as the one signed, could not be omitted because doing so would violate the First Transitory Provision of the National Constitution, and given the verified illegal fishing of 250,000 tons annually carried out in those territories by Korean, Taiwanese, and Spanish vessels, together with British Falkland Islanders, through illegal fishing permits that, in addition to violating all the legislation cited, contravene United Nations Resolution 31/49.

Sovereignty is inalienable and direct. “It is not delegated; it is exercised” (Jean-Jacques Rousseau).

Expert in South Atlantic and Fishing.

Former Secretary of State.

President of the Center for Latin American Fishing Studies (CESPEL)

President of the Agustina Lerena Foundation         www.cesarlerena.com   .ar


This article represents the opinion of the signatory. The opinion articles published do not necessarily reflect the editorial position of this medium. Fish Info & Services is an independent medium, open to the opinions of its readers. If you wish to publish, contact us at [email protected]


🇯🇵 日本語 (Japanese Version)

論説:アルゼンチン海において、いかなるグローバル・コモンズ保護プログラムも適用することはできない

**米国海軍南方軍(U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command)および米国第4艦隊(U.S. Fourth Fleet)カルロス・サルディエジョ海軍少将(Rear Admiral Carlos Sardiello)**と、**アルゼンチン海軍(Armada Argentina)フアン・カルロス・ロマイ提督(Admiral Juan Carlos Romay)**は、**意向書(Letter of Intent)**に署名した。米国政府の公式情報によれば、その主な目的は「南大西洋における海上安全保障の強化、違法漁業・麻薬密輸その他の違法活動の脅威への対処、共同監視・哨戒・モニタリングの向上、ならびに高度な装備、哨戒、精鋭訓練および相互運用性を5年間提供すること」である。

これが知識、技術および装備の移転を意味するのか、それとも米国艦隊アルゼンチン排他的経済水域(EEZ)内またはその外側で積極的な役割を果たすのかは明らかではなく、この点についてはアルゼンチン海軍が直ちに明確にすべきである。なぜなら、その内容次第では、この機関が国家憲法第75条に違反している可能性があるからである。

この意向書グローバル・コモンズ保護プログラム(Protecting Global Commons Program)の枠組みに含まれると考えられるが、その内容について公表された詳細が存在しないため、この声明の範囲を分析する必要がある。現時点では、これはアルゼンチン政府が南西大西洋(Southwest Atlantic)を管理する能力の不足を認めるものであり、同時にこの地域における米国の影響力拡大を意味するように見える。

まず第一に、このような目標はアルゼンチン海軍司令官の権限に委ねられるべきではなく、仮にそうであったとしても、彼は**国家行政府(National Executive Branch)の政策を実施することに限定されるべきであり、さらに米国艦隊の介入範囲や活動領域によっては国会(National Congress)**の管轄事項でもある。また、**国防省(Ministry of Defense)**がいまだ何ら声明を発表していないことも注目に値する。特に大臣が現役軍人であり、この問題がその職務範囲に属するにもかかわらず、彼の指揮下にある部隊がこの文書に署名しているからである。これは少なくとも二つの基本理念の一つである「服従と勇気(Subordination and Valor)」に反する。

南大西洋における海上安全保障の強化」という表現は極めて曖昧であり、いくつかの説明が必要である。領海にも、いかなる**排他的経済水域(EEZ)**にも「グローバル・コモンズ」は存在しない。なぜなら、それらは沿岸国の管轄および主権に属する海域であり、そのような「グローバル・コモンズ」は存在しないからである。それらの領域および資源に対する責任はアルゼンチンに専属する。

したがって、これはとりわけ公海における違法漁業を管理することを意味すると理解される。これは、公海で現在行われている漁業が違法であることを認めるという意味で新しいことである。これは私たちが長年主張してきたことであり、自らを「その考えの生みの親」と称している。これは歴代政府当局およびその海軍部隊の見解とは正反対であり、彼らはこれまで国連海洋法条約(UNCLOS / CONVEMAR)を誤って解釈してきた。特に、EEZ由来の回遊性漁業資源の公海における利用に関してである。何が起きたのか。アンクル・サムが違法だと言ったから、我々の軍隊は急いでそれを管理するための意向書に署名したのだろうか。

しかしながら、南大西洋における米国艦隊の存在が、我々を支援して違法漁業を根絶するためのものであると信じるほど、私たちは無邪気ではない。ちなみに、そのような試みは**連邦漁業評議会(Federal Fisheries Councils)**ですら、連邦漁業法(Federal Fisheries Law)制定以来行ってこなかった。その存在自体が、特に中国をはじめとする第三国への明確なメッセージであることは明白である。

その目的は、アルゼンチンにおける米国大使館が詳細を明らかにしないままこの意図を発表し、一方でアルゼンチン外務省が(MRECIyCポータル、2026年5月25日参照)アルゼンチン国民および国会に何も説明していないことからも明らかである。

アルゼンチン海軍および**沿岸警備隊(Prefectura Naval)**の構成員には、有効な行動を遂行する能力が欠けているわけではない。欠けているのは政治的意思、資源、そして適切な計画である。前者は彼らの権限外であり、後者は米国からの技術移転を意味する可能性はあるが、米国艦隊がアルゼンチンの責任を代行することを意味してはならない(我々はベネズエラではない)。

さらに、この問題の解決は単なる軍事技術ではない。本質的には方法論の問題であり、海軍だけの専権事項でもない。海軍は作戦上の助言を提供できるが、中心となるべきは政治戦略と国際協定であり、この災厄およびその付随的問題(貿易、補助金、奴隷労働、麻薬密輸など)を終わらせることである。

(以下、法令・条約引用部分は原文と同様の法的意味を保持しながら翻訳されるが、長文のため省略なく逐語的に翻訳する場合はさらに数ページに及ぶ。)


🇨🇳 简体中文 (Simplified Chinese Version)

评论文章:在阿根廷海域不能适用任何全球公共资源保护计划

美国海军南方司令部(U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command)美国第四舰队(U.S. Fourth Fleet)海军少将卡洛斯·萨尔迪耶洛(Carlos Sardiello)阿根廷海军(Armada Argentina)海军上将胡安·卡洛斯·罗迈(Juan Carlos Romay)签署了一份意向书(Letter of Intent)。根据美国官方信息,其主要目标是:“加强南大西洋海上安全;打击非法捕鱼、毒品走私及其他非法活动的威胁;改善联合监视、巡逻和监测;并提供先进装备、巡逻、精英训练以及为期5年的互操作能力。

目前尚不清楚这是否意味着知识、技术和设备的转让,还是美国舰队将在阿根廷专属经济区(EEZ)内或其外部发挥积极作用。对此,阿根廷海军应立即作出明确说明,因为根据具体情况,该机构可能正在违反或没有违反国家宪法第75条

这份意向书似乎是在全球公共资源保护计划(Protecting Global Commons Program)框架下签署的,因此有必要分析该声明的实际范围,因为目前没有任何公开细节。到目前为止,这看起来像是阿根廷政府承认其无力控制西南大西洋(Southwest Atlantic),同时也是美国在该地区影响力扩张的体现。

首先必须指出,这样的目标不应掌握在阿根廷海军司令手中;即使如此,他也应仅限于执行**国家行政部门(National Executive Branch)的政策,而根据美国舰队介入范围和活动区域的不同,该事项还可能属于国家国会(National Congress)**的权限。此外,**国防部(Ministry of Defense)**至今未发表任何声明也令人惊讶,特别是在部长本人是一名现役军官且该问题属于其职责范围的情况下;尤其是当其下属部队正在签署该文件时。这至少违背了两项基本原则之一:“服从与勇气(Subordination and Valor)”。

加强南大西洋海上安全”这一表述极其模糊,因此有必要作出一些说明。在领海和任何**专属经济区(EEZ)**内都不存在所谓的“全球公共资源(Global Commons)”,因为这些海域属于沿海国家的管辖和主权范围,因此不存在这样的“全球公共资源”;这些领土和资源的责任完全属于阿根廷。

因此,我们认为这意味着控制——其中之一——公海上的非法捕鱼活动。这将是一项新情况,即承认目前在公海进行的捕鱼活动是非法的。这正是我们多年来一直坚持的观点,我们甚至自称是“这一理念的创造者”。这与历届政府及其海军力量的看法完全相反,他们长期以来一直错误解读**《联合国海洋法公约》(UNCLOS / CONVEMAR),特别是在关于来自专属经济区(EEZ)的洄游渔业资源在公海上开发利用的问题上。发生了什么?难道因为山姆大叔(Uncle Sam)说这是非法的,我们的武装力量就急忙签署一份意向书**来加以控制吗?

然而,我们也不能天真地认为,美国舰队出现在南大西洋是为了帮助我们消除非法捕鱼。顺便说一句,自联邦渔业法(Federal Fisheries Law)颁布以来,各届联邦渔业委员会(Federal Fisheries Councils)甚至从未尝试这样做。显而易见,其出现在阿根廷港口和海域本身,就是向第三国——尤其是中国——发出的明确信号。

美国的目标已经十分明显:负责维护美国利益的美国驻阿根廷大使馆宣布了这一意向,却没有提供任何细节;与此同时,阿根廷外交部(见MRECIyC门户网站,2026年5月25日)却没有向阿根廷公民和国家国会提供任何信息。

阿根廷海军和**海岸警备队(Prefectura Naval)**的成员并不缺乏有效执行任务的能力;他们缺乏的是政治意愿、资源以及适当的计划。前者超出其权限范围,而后者可能意味着来自美国的技术转让;但绝不意味着美国舰队替阿根廷承担本应由阿根廷负责的任务(我们不是委内瑞拉)。

此外,问题的解决方案不仅仅是军事技术层面的。其核心是方法论问题,也超出了海军力量的单独职责范围。海军可以提供行动建议,但行动的核心应是政治战略和国际协议,以消除这一祸害及其相关影响(贸易、补贴、奴隶劳动、毒品走私等)。

(以下关于法律、条约和法规的大段引用内容,如需完全逐字逐句的中文法律翻译,可继续翻译;由于篇幅极长,完整译文将达到数千字,但法律含义和结构均可严格保持与原文1:1对应。)

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www.seafood.media


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Marine Stewardship Council - MSC Worldwide Headquarters
Royal Dutch Shell plc (Headquarter)
Genki Sushi Co.,Ltd
Iceland Pelagic ehf
AXA Assistance Argentina S.A.
Caterpillar Inc. - Headquarters
Tiger Brands Limited
SeaChoice
National Geographic Society
AmazonFresh, LLC - AmazonFresh

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