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A flask in which red tide plankton grew and a flask in which red tide plankton disappeared due to parasites

Shion Kanemura Succeeds in Cultivating a Parasite That Eliminates Red Tides

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Thursday, February 05, 2026, 05:00 (GMT + 9)

Tohoku University research raises hopes for practical control of harmful algal blooms

A research group led by Associate Professor Tsuyoshi (Go/Takeshi) Nishitani of the Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, has announced the successful discovery, isolation, and long-term cultivation of a parasitic organism that selectively kills Karenia mikimotoi, a plankton species responsible for destructive red tides. The announcement was made on January 16, and the findings were published in the international journal Communications Biology on December 9, 2025.

How parasites parasitize red tide plankton

First, the parasites invade the cells of the red tide plankton (upper left). Then, as they absorb nutrients from the red tide plankton, the parasites multiply to about 300 (upper right). At the end of the parasitism period, the parasites break through the cells of the red tide plankton and emerge (lower right). They then parasitize new red tide plankton (lower left). This cycle is completed in 3-4 days.

Karenia mikimotoi is a free-swimming phytoplankton that frequently causes red tides along the coasts of Japan, China, and Korea. In Japan, outbreaks have traditionally occurred from spring to summer in western regions, but in recent years they have also been observed in Tohoku and Hokkaido during autumn, raising concerns about range expansion linked to global warming. A single red tide event can cause mass mortality of fish and shellfish, with damages exceeding one billion yen, and total fisheries losses in Japan over the past 30 years are estimated at 9 billion yen.

 Microscopic images of red tide plankton and parasites

Shown here is a photograph taken under normal light (bright background, left) and a photograph of the same field of view when illuminated with a special fluorescent light (black background, right). In the fluorescent photograph, the red appears to be the autofluorescence of the chloroplasts of the host (red tide plankton) (Note 4), and the green is the autofluorescence of the parasite. Images a and b show nutrient cells of red tide plankton that have not been parasitized (Note 5). Images c and d show the early stages of parasitism, with the green fluorescent area expanding as the parasite multiplies to several dozens within the host cell. The scale bars are all 20µm.

The parasitic organism, identified as a type of parasitic dinoflagellate (Amoebophrya sp.), was first discovered by the same research group in Osaka Bay in 2020, marking a world first. Crucially, the parasite infects and kills only Karenia mikimotoi and does not parasitize harmless plankton such as diatoms, making it a highly selective and environmentally safe “natural enemy.”

Early and late stages of parasitism

Photographs show the early stage of parasitism (top) and the final stage of parasitism several days later (bottom). The red is red tide plankton, and the green is parasitic organisms. Many red tide plankton still survive in the early stage of parasitism, but by the final stage of parasitism, most of the red tide plankton have disappeared, and countless parasites have proliferated in their place. Once the host is gone, these parasites will disappear in about three days.

The research team has successfully maintained and managed the parasite in laboratory conditions for more than five years. Indoor culture experiments showed that when the parasite was introduced, the density of red tide plankton was significantly suppressed, demonstrating a strong algicidal effect limited to the harmful species.

According to the researchers, clarifying the environmental conditions that promote parasitism could enable more accurate predictions of red tide outbreaks and their termination. In the longer term, the parasite may be developed into a “natural enemy agent” for controlling red tides in coastal waters across the country.

Cultivation experiment of red tide plankton and parasites

The left axis shows the cell density of red tide plankton, and the horizontal axis shows the passage of time. Blue indicates the growth of red tide plankton without the addition of parasites, and red indicates the growth with the addition of parasites. It can be seen that the addition of parasites significantly suppresses the growth of red tide plankton.

The study, titled “Biological control potential of red-tide marine dinoflagellate blooms by an Amoebophrya parasitic killer,” was authored by Associate Professor Go Nishitani (first author), Professor Waka Ogoshi, Graduate Student Shotaro Midorikawa, and collaborators from the Osaka Prefecture Research Institute for Environment, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the Fisheries Research and Education Agency, and the Hokkaido Research Organization. The paper’s DOI is 10.1038/s42003-025-09141-1.

The findings raise strong expectations that parasite-based biological control could become a practical and sustainable tool for mitigating red tide damage to fisheries in Japan and beyond.


🇯🇵 Japanese(日本語)

Shion Kanemuraが赤潮を除去する寄生生物の培養に成功

東北大学の研究、赤潮有害藻類ブルームの実用的制御に期待

東北大学大学院農学研究科西谷 剛(Go/Takeshi)准教授が率いる研究グループは、赤潮被害を引き起こすプランクトンであるKarenia mikimotoiを選択的に死滅させる寄生生物の発見・分離・長期培養に成功したと発表した。発表は1月16日に行われ、研究成果は国際学術誌Communications Biology2025年12月9日付で掲載された。

Karenia mikimotoiは、日本中国韓国沿岸で頻繁に赤潮を引き起こす遊泳性植物プランクトンである。日本ではこれまで主に春から夏にかけて西日本で発生してきたが、近年では東北北海道沿岸でもに確認されており、地球温暖化による分布拡大が懸念されている。1回の赤潮発生で魚介類の大量死を引き起こし、被害額が10億円を超えることもあり、過去30年間に日本の漁業が被った総被害額は90億円に達すると推定されている。

この寄生生物は寄生性渦鞭毛藻(Amoebophrya sp.)の一種で、同研究グループが2020年大阪湾で世界で初めて発見したものである。重要な点として、この寄生生物はKarenia mikimotoiのみに感染・殺滅し、珪藻などの無害なプランクトンには寄生しないため、環境安全性の高い「天敵」として位置づけられる。

研究チームは、この寄生生物を5年以上にわたり安定して維持・管理することに成功している。室内培養実験では、寄生生物を添加すると赤潮プランクトンの密度が有意に抑制され、強い藻類殺滅効果が有害種に限定して確認された。

研究者らは、寄生が起こりやすい環境条件を解明することで、赤潮の発生予測や終息時期の予測精度向上が可能になるとしている。将来的には、この寄生生物を**「天敵製剤」**として活用し、全国沿岸域における赤潮制御技術の開発につながることが期待されている。

本研究は、「Biological control potential of red-tide marine dinoflagellate blooms by an Amoebophrya parasitic killer」と題され、西谷 剛准教授(筆頭著者)、大越 和加教授緑川 翔太郎大学院生、ならびに大阪府環境農林水産総合研究所水産研究・教育機構北海道立総合研究機構の研究者らによって執筆された。論文のDOI10.1038/s42003-025-09141-1である。

本成果は、日本のみならず世界の沿岸域において、寄生生物を用いた持続可能な赤潮被害軽減策の実用化に大きな期待を寄せるものである。


🇨🇳 Chinese (Simplified / 简体中文)

Shion Kanemura成功培育可消除赤潮的寄生生物

东北大学研究为有害藻华的实际控制带来希望

东北大学农业科学研究生院西谷刚(Go/Takeshi)副教授领导的研究团队宣布,已成功发现、分离并长期培育出一种可选择性杀死赤潮致灾浮游生物Karenia mikimotoi的寄生生物。该成果于1月16日公布,并于2025年12月9日发表在国际学术期刊Communications Biology上。

Karenia mikimotoi是一种自由游动的植物性浮游生物,经常在日本中国韩国沿海引发赤潮。在日本,赤潮过去主要发生在春季至夏季的西部地区,但近年来也在东北地区北海道沿岸的秋季被观测到,引发了其因全球变暖而扩散的担忧。一次赤潮事件即可造成鱼类和贝类的大规模死亡,经济损失超过10亿日元;据估计,过去30年间该物种在日本造成的渔业总损失约为90亿日元

该寄生生物被鉴定为一种寄生性甲藻(Amoebophrya sp.),由同一研究团队于2020年大阪湾首次发现,属全球首例。关键在于,该寄生生物只寄生并杀死Karenia mikimotoi,不会感染硅藻等无害浮游生物,因此作为环境安全性极高的“天然天敌”备受关注。

研究团队已成功对该寄生生物进行5年以上的稳定维持与管理。室内培养实验表明,在加入该寄生生物后,赤潮浮游生物的密度显著下降,显示出仅针对有害物种的强效杀藻作用

研究人员指出,通过阐明有利于寄生发生的环境条件,有望实现对赤潮发生规模及终止时间的预测。未来,该寄生生物有望作为**“天敌制剂”**,应用于全国沿海赤潮控制技术的开发。

该研究论文题为**“Biological control potential of red-tide marine dinoflagellate blooms by an Amoebophrya parasitic killer”,作者包括西谷刚副教授**(第一作者)、大越和加教授研究生绿川翔太郎,以及来自大阪府环境农业林业水产研究所日本水产研究与教育机构北海道立综合研究机构的研究人员。论文DOI10.1038/s42003-025-09141-1

这一成果为在日本乃至全球沿海地区,利用寄生生物实现可持续的赤潮防控提供了重要前景。

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